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You can exclude more system folders or individual files which are not necessary for the backup and can be recreated after the restore procedure, like /lost+found, /mnt, /media, /tmp, /usr ...
Restoring the above backup procedure is as simple as becoming root and typing:
$ tar zxpf backup.tgz -C /
You can extract any file or directory out of the backup.tgz file for recovery, for instance, if you have a corrupt or mis-configured fstab file, you could simply issue the command:
$ tar zxpf backup.tgz /ect/fstab -C /
Other options:
v add verbose option to see files processed
A far safer solution is to restore the desired files under a different directory, and then compare, move, or update the files to their original locations afterward.
The hyphen tells vim to open from STDOUT - saves having to create temporary files.
list zipfile info in long Unix ``ls -l'' format.
A null operation with the name 'comment', allowing comments to be written to HISTFILE. Prepending '#' to a command will *not* write the command to the history file, although it will be available for the current session, thus '#' is not useful for keeping track of comments past the current session.
This command checks for the number of times when someone has tried to login to your server and failed. If there are a lot, then that user is being targeted on your system and you might want to make sure that user either has remote logins disabled, or has a strong password, or both. If your output has an "invalid" line, it is a summary of all logins from users that don't exist on your system.
This command takes the output of the 'last' command, removes empty lines, gets just the first field ($USERNAME), sort the $USERNAMES in reverse order and then gives a summary count of unique matches.
Typical usage would be in a script that would want the next open UID in a range (in this case 500-600)
Converts any number of seconds into days, hours, minutes and seconds.
sec2dhms() {
declare -i SS="$1"
D=$(( SS / 86400 ))
H=$(( SS % 86400 / 3600 ))
M=$(( SS % 3600 / 60 ))
S=$(( SS % 60 ))
[ "$D" -gt 0 ] && echo -n "${D}:"
[ "$H" -gt 0 ] && printf "%02g:" "$H"
printf "%02g:%02g\n" "$M" "$S"
}
This is a quick replacement for lspci if you need to know what's in a given system but pciutils is not installed. You then need something that can look up the IDs from pci.ids if you want the verbose output.
swap out "80" for your port of interest. Can use port number or named ports e.g. "http"