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This command is somewhat similar to 'nice', but constrains I/O usage rather than CPU usage. In particular, the '-c3' flag tells the OS to only allow the process to do I/O when nothing else is pending. This dramatically increases the responsiveness of the rest of the system if the process is doing heavy I/O.
There's also a '-p' flag, to set the priority of an already-running process.
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The -c3 refers to the idle priority class, which according to the manpage is only permitted for root. Therefore the line should read:
# ionice -c3 find /
Erm, having now tried it, it seems the manpage is talking rubbish. Any user can change their own processes to idle priority!
Yeah, I'm a little unclear on this. It seems like I was able to do it as a regular user at some point, but now maybe root is required. I think non-root access to this is considered to be a security hole (for somewhat obscure reasons).