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This will create an exact duplicate image of your hard drive that you can then restore by simply reversing the "if" & "of" locations.
sudo dd if=/media/disk/backup/sda.backup of=/dev/sda
Alternatively, you can use an SSH connection to do your backups:
dd if=/dev/sda | ssh user@ssh.server.com dd of=~/backup/sda.backup
There are 2 alternatives - vote for the best!
If you can do better, submit your command here.
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If you zero out the blank space first with :dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/delete.me bs=8M; rm delete.me
and then use this command to gzip it, you get great space savings:
dd if=/dev/hda conv=sync,noerror bs=64K | gzip -c > /mnt/sda1/hda.img.gz
@ozymandias, I like the zeroing out of unused blocks... crude, but useful.
As for backing up a filesystem that's not broken in some way, you'd better of using dump or xfsdump.